Ibn Qayyim's Concept of Sufism: A Research and Analytical Study

ابن قیم کا نظریہ تصوف: تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Abstract

Ibn Qayyim al-Jāwziyya, a prominent Islamic scholar of the 14th century, developed a distinctive perspective on Sufism, balancing its spiritual essence with a foundation in orthodox Islamic teachings. His approach to Sufism diverged from mystical practices that he believed deviated from the Qur'ān and Sunnah, emphasizing instead a path of purification of the soul and sincere devotion to Allah. Ibn-e-Qayyim viewed Sufism as a journey toward achieving ihsān, or spiritual excellence, through steadfast adherence to Sharia, a deep connection with the Divine, and ethical conduct. He critiqued Sufi practices that leaned towards excessive asceticism or claimed hidden knowledge, advocating instead for a grounded spirituality that aligns with Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Ibn-e-Qayyim’s works, particularly Madārij al-Sālikīn (Stages of the Seekers), reflect his vision of a Sufi path that nurtures a profound love for Allah while remaining rooted in Islamic law and traditional beliefs. His contributions continue to influence contemporary discourse on Sufism, bridging mysticism and orthodoxy within Islamic spirituality. This paper examines Ibn-e-Qayyim’s perspectives, analysing his critique of certain Sufi practices and his efforts to define an Islamic spiritual framework that aligns closely with foundational religious principles. Sufis believe that this journey toward Allah is achieved by purifying the heart, detaching oneself from worldly desires, and cultivating virtues such as humility, patience, and compassion. Sufism also includes different concepts. Various Sufi orders have evolved over centuries, each with its unique approach to spiritual growth. Apart from Wahdat al-Wujūd, discusions on other relevant concepts are also included.