Al-Marjān International Research Journal of Islamic & Religious Studies is a quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed journal published in Arabic, Urdu, and English by the Al-Marjān Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan. It follows an Open Access Policy and provides a multidisciplinary platform for scholarly research in Islamic and Religious Studies. The journal publishes original articles and reviews in areas such as Qur’anic Studies, Hadith, Theology, Islamic Law, Ethics, Comparative Religion, History, Islamic Economics, and contemporary issues—promoting academic excellence and global intellectual exchange.
Al-Marjān Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan.
“Jewish Texts as Sources of the Qur’anic Narratives: A Historical and Critical Study of Abraham Geiger’s Arguments and Their Subsequent Developments.”
Orientalist critiques of divine revelation in Islam primarily challenge the supernatural and transcendent nature of the Quran, arguing that its descent in human language and specific linguistic forms defies rational and logical principles, as an infinite divine reality cannot be confined within finite human words. Proponents of this intellectual school, exemplified by Abraham Geiger, insist that the Quranic text is not direct inspiration but the outcome of a conscious or subconscious intellectual exercise aimed at reinterpreting prior religious traditions in a new linguistic guise. Geiger's foundational work, "Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?" (What Did Muhammad Borrow from Judaism?, 1833), marks a pivotal shift in 19th-century religious studies, positing that the Quran extensively draws from Jewish sources, including rabbinic literature like the Midrash Rabbi Eliezer. For instance, he claims the miracle of the "white hand" (yad bayda) of Moses in the Quran originates from Jewish midrashic narratives rather than original revelation. This argument extends to linguistic structures, asserting that words are mere products of human societal evolution and cognitive development, rendering the idea of God communicating through specific phonetic and linguistic units scientifically untenable. Furthermore, through deductive logic, Orientalists demonstrate that the text's stylistic features and historical anecdotes are human constructs derived from the contemporary intellectual and religious milieu, intended to forge a novel socio-religious order. Such portrayals reduce revelation to a psychological state or human creation, influencing modern Quranic studies by emphasizing cultural borrowings over divine origin. This analysis underscores the clash between empirical rationalism and faith-based interpretations, fostering deeper comparative insights into Abrahamic religions and their intertextual dynamics.
Abraham Geiger, St. Clair Tisdall, Ibn Warraq, Quranic Sources, Midrash, Targum Yerushalmi, Historical Criticism, Intertextuality
An Analytical Study of Origin and Evolution of the Sufi Tradition in Azad Kashmir and its Socio-Intellectual Impacts
This research explores the historical emergence, progression, and socio-intellectual contributions of the Sufi tradition in Azad Kashmir. Islam acknowledges that human beings possess both material and spiritual needs, and after the completion of Prophethood, the responsibility of spiritual and moral guidance was inherited by the followers of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), among whom the Sufis played an essential role in nurturing religious consciousness and ethical behavior in society. The study employs an analytical research methodology to examine when and how Sufism entered Azad Kashmir, the prominent Sufi orders involved, and their missionary strategies. The findings reveal that various Sufi orders—including Qadriya, Naqshbandiya, Suhrawardiya, Chishtiya, Kubrawiya, Shattariya, and the indigenous Rishi order—shaped the religious landscape of the region and contributed to cultural refinement, communal harmony, and spiritual development. The research highlights that renowned Sufi saints—such as Bulbul Shah, Mir Syed Ali Hamadani, Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Rishi, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, and later spiritual leaders of shrines in Bagh, Poonch, Kotli, and Mirpur, enhanced Islamic identity through preaching, education, social welfare, and character building. Their role extended beyond spiritual mentorship to include political guidance, economic improvement, conflict resolution, and the establishment of educational and religious institutions. Overall, the study concludes that Sufism played a pivotal role in shaping the sociocultural fabric of Azad Kashmir. The Sufi tradition not only strengthened Islamic faith but also fostered peace, tolerance, and moral uplift in the region, a legacy that continues to influence the values and identity of Kashmiri society today.
Sufism; Azad Kashmir; Sufi Orders; Social Impact; Spiritual Reform; Sufi Saints.
The Role of Ḥakīm al-Ummat Maulānā Ashraf ʿAlī Thānvi (RA) and His Authorized Successors (Khulafāʾ) in the Creation and Stabilization of Pakistan: A Historical and Analytical Study
The Pakistan Movement is generally associated with Allama Iqbal, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the Muslim League leadership. However, long before the formal articulation of the “Pakistan demand” in 1940, Ḥakīm al-Ummat Maulānā Ashraf ʿAlī Thānvi (1863–1943) had already conceptualized and publicly articulated the idea of a separate Islamic homeland for the Muslims of India as early as July 1928 during a historic meeting at Thāna Bhawan with Maulānā ʿAbd al-Mājid Daryābādī and others. He not only envisioned an independent Muslim state but also outlined its ideological foundations, governance structure, and the necessity of a central spiritual and political leadership (Imām). Despite remaining outwardly apolitical and focused on spiritual reformation, Maulānā Thānvi issued numerous fatāwā supporting the Pakistan Movement, encouraged his disciples to join it, and endured repeated life threats and assassination attempts from opponents. Many of his prominent khulafāʾ – including Maulānā Shabbīr ʿAlī Thānvi, Maulānā Zafar Aḥmad ʿUthmānī, Maulānā Muftī Muḥammad Shafīʿ, Maulānā Idrīs Kāndhlavī, and others – became active workers of the Muslim League, delivered speeches, mobilized masses, and played decisive roles in making Pakistan an Islamic welfare state after 1947 August 1947. This paper establishes through primary sources (fatāwā, letters, recorded conversations, and contemporary testimonies) that the ideological and spiritual groundwork for Pakistan was laid in the khānqāh of Thāna Bhawan much earlier than commonly acknowledged, proving that the Pakistan Movement was not merely a political struggle but also a deeply spiritual and reformative mission rooted in Deobandī–Thānvi thought.
Maulānā Ashraf ʿAlī Thānvi, Pakistan Movement, Khulafāʾ-e-Thānvi, Two-Nation Theory, Islamic State, Deoband
The story of Noah from Islamic & Biblical Perspective along with a Critical Study of its Text
The Book of Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, is traditionally attributed to Prophet Moses (circa 1400 BCE) in Jewish and Christian traditions. Serving as the foundational text of the entire Bible, it narrates the origins of the universe, humanity, Sabbath, marriage, sin, redemption, and the chosen lineage leading to Israel. This research examines the historical emergence, oral and written transmission, and textual development of Genesis across major traditions: the Masoretic Text, Samaritan Pentateuch, and Septuagint, highlighting significant variants and historical-theological discrepancies. Special attention is devoted to the Flood narrative (Genesis 6–9) and its distinctive differences from the Qur’ānic account of Prophet Nūḥ (peace be upon him) presented primarily in Sūrahs Hūd, Nūḥ, and al-A‘rāf. While the Biblical account portrays a global flood, the survival of Noah’s entire family, and a universal covenant with all living creatures, the Qur’ān emphasizes Nūḥ’s prolonged prophetic mission of tawḥīd, the local or regional nature of the punishment, and the disbelief and drowning of one of Noah’s sons, and the salvation of only the believers. By employing textual criticism, comparative religion methodology, and insights from classical and modern scholarship, this study illuminates how editorial processes, diaspora experiences, and theological priorities shaped the Genesis text over centuries, and how the Qur’ānic retelling corrects and completes the narrative from an Islamic viewpoint, reaffirming the oneness of God and the consequences of rejecting prophethood.
Genesis, Noah’s Flood, Masoretic Text, Septuagint, Samaritan Pentateuch, Qur’ānic Narrative.
Numerical Balance in the Holy Qur’an: A Research Study on Word Repetition and Semantic Harmony
This study investigates the significance of numbers in the Qur’an and their role in conveying the principles of balance, harmony, and wisdom. By analyzing numerical patterns, repetitions, and symbolic use of numbers in the Qur’anic text, the research explores how these elements function as tools for ethical guidance, spiritual development, and cognitive organization. The study adopts a qualitative, analytical approach, examining selected examples where numerical structures enhance comprehension of divine messages and foster a sense of equilibrium in individual and communal life. It highlights the intricate connection between numerical symbolism and broader moral, social, and cosmic order, revealing that numbers in the Qur’an are not merely quantitative but carry profound qualitative and spiritual meanings. Findings demonstrate that understanding these numerical patterns enables believers to achieve deeper insight into divine guidance, promoting both personal discipline and collective harmony. Furthermore, the research underscores the didactic role of Qur’anic numbers in illustrating universal principles, supporting reflection, and encouraging practical application in daily life. By combining textual exegesis with interpretive analysis, the study provides a unique perspective on how numbers serve as a bridge between revelation and lived experience, offering insights into the Quranic worldview of balance and order.
Qur’an, numbers, numerical patterns, symbolic meanings, balance, harmony, spiritual guidance, ethical principles.
Harnessing Islamic Wisdom to Catalyze Sustainable Development
Industrialization-driven water pollution has become the most critical barrier to achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and related targets under SDGs 12 and 13. This study establishes that Islamic eco-theology, articulated fourteen centuries ago in the Qurʾān and authentic Sunnah, offers a comprehensive, ethically robust, and spiritually motivating framework for sustainable water governance that significantly complements and strengthens contemporary global efforts. Core principles of Khilāfah (vicegerency), Amānah (trusteeship), Mīzān (ecological balance), ʿAdl wa Iḥsān (justice and excellence), and the categorical prohibition of Isrāf and Tabdhīr frame water as a sacred communal trust (niʿmah) rather than a commercial commodity. Drawing on primary Islamic sources and historical practices (Qanāts, Aflāj, Ḥima protected zones, and Waqf-funded water infrastructure), the paper demonstrates remarkable continuity between traditional Islamic water management and modern sustainable technologies. It further explores the transformative potential of Islamic finance — particularly green ṣukūk and waqf-based crowdfunding — in financing large-scale water treatment, recycling, and rainwater harvesting projects. While secular SDG frameworks provide technical targets, they often lack the spiritual and moral impetus that religious consciousness uniquely generates. The study identifies cultural, institutional, and perceptual barriers hindering integration of Islamic environmental ethics into national policies and proposes actionable pathways for policymakers, religious scholars, industries, and development agencies. Ultimately, a faith-sensitive, Qurʾān-centered paradigm offers a culturally resonant, ethically compelling, and practically viable roadmap toward equitable water security and a pollution-free planet for present and future generations.
Islamic Eco-theology, Water Conservation, Industrial Pollution, Sustainable Development Goals, Qurʾānic Environmental Ethics, Islamic Finance
Establishing Peace and Security among the Tribes of Balochistan: In the Light of the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
Balochistan, Pakistan’s largest province, is characterized by a tribal social structure deeply rooted in customary laws, honor codes, and regional traditions. While many of these tribal norms align with Islamic ethics, some diverge from Shari’ah principles, contributing to inter-tribal rivalries, vendettas, and social instability. Historically, colonial strategies and post-independence governance gaps exacerbated these conflicts, while modern challenges such as educational backwardness, economic disparities, and political uncertainty have further complicated the establishment of sustainable peace. This study explores the principles of peacebuilding among the tribes of Balochistan through the lens of the Seerah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The Prophetic model demonstrates how a society fragmented by tribalism, revenge culture, and socio-political divisions can be transformed through justice, consultation (Shura), mutual respect, and ethical governance. The research examines the Makkah period’s emphasis on patience and non-violent resistance, the Madinah Charter (Mithaq al-Madinah) as a paradigm of inter-tribal and interfaith agreements, the conquest of Makkah as an example of forgiveness-based reconciliation, and the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah as a model for strategic conflict resolution. By synthesizing these Prophetic principles with Balochistan’s tribal traditions—such as jirga consultation, honor (ghairat), and loyalty—the study proposes an ethically grounded and practically applicable framework for establishing sustainable peace. This approach not only addresses political and security dimensions but also emphasizes moral, social, and educational reforms as integral components of long-term stability. The research highlights that justice, mutual trust, and reconciliation, when institutionalized within tribal structures, can effectively reduce revenge cycles and foster social cohesion.
Balochistan, tribal society, peacebuilding, Seerah, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, Mithaq al-Madinah, reconciliation, justice, social cohesion, customary law, non-violence, ethical governance
Dr. Syed Muhammad Haroon Agha (Corresponding Author)
Research Review of the Accusation of Rafd against Wakee ibn al- Jarrah, a narrator of the kutub al-sittah
This study critically reviews the accusation of Rafd against the highly reliable Hadith narrator, Wakee' ibn al-Jarrah (d. 197 AH), a foundational figure in the Six Canonical Books of Hadith (Kutub al-Sittah). Despite his status as an Imam affirmed by major Hadith scholars like Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, ibn Saad, ibn Hibban certain historical reports have questioned his creed. The research analyzes the isnad (chain of narration) and the content of these accusatory reports against the strong evidence of his widespread acceptance. The findings demonstrate that the accusation of Rafd is weak and unsubstantiated and is directly refuted by statements from Wakee' himself and reliable contemporary scholars, who testified to his correct beliefs. We conclude that Wakee' ibn al-Jarrah remains an authoritative and trustworthy Imam of Ahlus-Sunnah, and the charge of Rafd is not definitively proven upon scholarly investigation.
Wakee' ibn al-Jarrah, Rafd, Al-Jarh wa al-Ta'deel, Kutub al-Sittah, Narrator of Hadith.
Preventing drug use in educational institutions in the light of the Seerah of the Prophet (peace be upon him)
Allah Almighty has blessed human beings with countless blessings, the greatest of which is intellect. It is this intellect that distinguishes humans from all other creatures and enables them to harness the forces of the universe. Not only this, in fact, humans blessed to govern the universe (world) with the same intellect. Because of that Allah (Subhanahu Tallah) says in Holy Quran “indeed the evidence is for people of understanding”. Intellect directs humans to act upon the laws of nature. As long as man continued to use it wisely, he kept uncovering the secrets of the universe and he continued to play his part in the struggle to conquer the universe. But gradually, man began to rebel against the laws of nature, which led to the emergence of various types of crimes in the world. Among these unnatural acts is a major social evil that has affected not only the Muslim world but every country across the globe, and that is the growing use of drugs. In the present era, students in educational institutions are the most affected by this epidemic. This article explores the causes behind the rising trend of drug abuse in academic settings and examines how, in the light of the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) life, its prevention can be made possible. The Prophet’s (PBUH) noble life teaches us that he guided his Ummah away from intoxicants by considering human psychology and offering a wise and compassionate approach to moral training.
major social evil. drug abuse in academic. use of drugs۔
Muslim Women and Health: An Analytical Study of Islamic Principles, Modern Medical Science, and Reproductive Health in the Context of Seerah
This study explores the intersection of Islamic teachings, modern medical science, and reproductive health, focusing on the health and well-being of Muslim women. By analyzing the Seerah (the life of Prophet Muhammad PBUH) alongside contemporary health issues, this research examines how Islamic principles inform women’s health, with particular attention to reproductive health. The paper investigates the compatibility between Islamic healthcare guidelines and modern medical practices, emphasizing the importance of both traditional and contemporary approaches to women’s well-being. It discusses the Islamic perspective on women’s health as presented in the Quran and Hadith, highlighting key principles such as cleanliness, nutrition, and holistic well-being, and contrasts these with modern medical views on preventive healthcare, reproductive rights, and treatment of common health conditions. Additionally, the study identifies areas where Islamic teachings align with or diverge from modern medical practices, offering insights into how Muslim women can navigate these areas to improve their health outcomes. The research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of religious teachings in shaping health practices and policies for Muslim women, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach that respects religious beliefs while addressing contemporary health challenges.
Muslim women, health, Seerah, Islamic teachings, modern medical science, reproductive health, healthcare, women's well-being, Quran, Hadith
Online Betting and Gambling in the Digital Economy: An Analytical Study of Islamic, Social, and Legal Dimensions
Gambling (Qimar) does not only refer to the common form of betting in which money is directly involved; rather, it includes all kinds and forms that are carried out under the guise of trade but are in fact types of gambling. Anyone familiar with business can easy realize how commercial gambling disrupts and destroys the overall economic system of a country and how the pursuit of profit without labor ruins thousands of families and households. Gambling was prevalent even in the age of ignorance, but in the modern era it has taken on new forms, the understanding of which has become a pressing need of the time. The jurists (Fuqaha) state that a person who is not aware of the ways of his contemporaries such as their lifestyle, their economic dealing, their social practices, and their customs and tastes is in reality ignorant. In the modern era, gambling has taken on new forms, with various gambling apps at the forefront through which large scale betting is taking place. In addition, online casino games, sports betting, e sports betting, online poker rooms, virtual sports, crash games, multiplier games, and crypto casinos/ block chain based gambling have also emerged. This article presents an introduction to gambling and highlights its contemporary online forms to raise awareness. Furthermore, it discusses the economic, social and moral impacts of gambling, while also pointing out its harms from an Islamic perspective. The purpose is to encourage people to keep themselves away from this curse and to make the new generation aware so that they too may stay protected from it.
Gambling, Modern Era, Online Apps, Awareness, Islamic Perspective
Hafiz Haroon Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
A Critical Study of Tafsīr Aḍwā’ al-Bayān by Allāmah Muhammad al-Amīn al-Shanqīṭī: Characteristics, Methodological and Stylistic Distinctions
Tafsīr Aḍwā’ al-Bayān by Allāmah Muhammad al-Amīn al-Shanqīṭī stands as one of the most distinguished scholarly works of the modern era, known for its rigorous methodology and unique interpretive approach. This study critically examines the distinctive features, methodological principles, and stylistic qualities that make this tafsīr a remarkable contribution to Qur’anic exegesis. Central to Shanqīṭī’s method is tafsīr al-Qur’ān bil-Qur’ān, whereby the Qur’an explains itself through interconnected verses, thematic parallels, and internal coherence. This approach strengthens textual analysis and ensures that meaning remains firmly rooted in divine discourse. Alongside this, the tafsīr demonstrates careful use of authentic Prophetic traditions, insights from the Companions, and a balanced engagement with classical juristic opinions, particularly when addressing legal and ethical issues. The study explores Shanqīṭī’s profound command of Arabic linguistics, rhetoric, and grammar, which enriches his exegetical discussions and clarifies complex expressions with precision. His rational yet tradition-grounded method distinguishes Aḍwā’ al-Bayān from both purely narrative and overly speculative commentaries. A comparative assessment with major works—such as those of Ibn Kathīr, al-Ṭabarī, al-Rāzī, al-Zamakhsharī, and al-Ṭabāṭabā’ī—highlights the tafsīr’s balance between textual fidelity, jurisprudential depth, and linguistic mastery. This research concludes that Aḍwā’ al-Bayān offers a comprehensive, coherent, and intellectually mature model of Qur’anic interpretation that remains particularly relevant for contemporary scholarship, curriculum development, and informed religious discourse in the Muslim world.
Aḍwā’ al-Bayān, Shanqīṭī, Qur’anic Exegesis, Tafsīr Methodology, Linguistic Analysis, Jurisprudence, Comparative Tafsīr
The Constitutional Structure of the Constitution of Madīnah in the Prophetic Era: An Analytical Study of the Principles of Citizenship and Interreligious Coexistence
This study explores the constitutional structure of the Charter of Madinah established by the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) during the early Islamic period, focusing on its foundational principles of citizenship and interfaith coexistence. The research aims to analyze how the Charter functioned as the first written constitution ensuring justice, equality, and communal harmony among diverse religious and ethnic groups in Madinah. Drawing upon primary sources such as Hadith, Sirah literature, and early Islamic historiography, the paper examines the Prophet’s (ﷺ) approach to governance, pluralism, and social contract. The study highlights that the Charter of Madinah recognized all inhabitants—Muslims, Jews, and others—as part of a single political community (Ummah Wāḥidah), thus laying the groundwork for a just and inclusive state system. By comparing these principles with modern constitutional concepts of citizenship and minority rights, the research demonstrates the timeless relevance of the Prophetic model for fostering peace, coexistence, and equitable governance in contemporary multicultural societies.
Charter of Madinah, Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), Citizenship, Interfaith Coexistence, Islamic Constitution, Pluralism, Justice, Governance
Dr. Atiq ur Rahman (Corresponding Author)
Permanent Residence in Non-Muslim Countries: A Critical Review of Selected Fatwas from the 21st Century
In the present era, due to international connectivity and growing economic needs, traveling to and permanently residing in non-Muslim countries has become a necessity for many people. However, since scholars hold differing opinions on this issue, Muslims who choose to live in non-Muslim countries often face criticism and religious objections. A review of contemporary scholarly opinions reveals that permanent residence in non-Muslim countries where faith is at risk or religious freedom is restricted is unanimously considered impermissible. However, there is a difference of opinion regarding those non-Muslim countries where one’s faith remains secure and religious freedom is guaranteed. Some scholars maintain that even in such countries, a Muslim should avoid permanent residence in order to protect himself and his family from moral corruption, ideological deviation and spiritual harm. On the other hand, the majority of scholars believe that if one’s faith is preserved, religious practices are allowed and one can openly live according to Islamic principles, then residing permanently in such countries is permissible. This study aims to present a critical analysis of these varying scholarly opinions along with their supporting evidences.
Non-Muslim countries, Permanent residence, Islamic jurisprudence, Scholarly opinions, Religious freedom, Contemporary fatwas, Migration in Islam, Modern challenges
Dr. Shahzada Imran Ayub (Corresponding Author)
Evidences of Sīrah Discussions in Fatwā Literature (A Critical Study of Al-Aṭāyā Al-Nabawiyyah fī -Al-Fatāwā Al-Riḍawiyyah)
Fiqh is not a new discipline; scholarly engagement with it began during the era of Khayr al-Qurūn (Early years of Islam). However, with the passage of time, it has continued to evolve, exhibiting increasing sophistication, originality, and refinement. A few centuries ago, this discipline took the form of Fatāwā compilations. Among the various collections of Fatāwā authored across different regions, languages and eras of the Muslim world, Fatāwā Riḍawiyyah occupies a distinct and distinguished position among all. This monumental and phenomenal work stands out for the diversity of its subjects, the novelty of its evidentiary reasoning, the depth of its derivation, extrapolation of legal principles, implementations and its engagement with contemporary issues. Beyond its juristic mastery and superiority, it also embodies a profound and all-encompassing devotion to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Imam Ahmad Raza Khan’s fervent expressions of love for the Prophet ﷺ in this collection and compilation of Fatāwā, and it is this very spiritual ardor that naturally leads to the inclusion of discussions pertaining to Sīrah (the life of the Prophet), happen to be the topic of this article.
Sīrah, Imam Ahmad Raza Khan, Al-Fatāwā al-Riḍawiyyah, Fatāwā compilations,
Citizenship of non-Muslim states: Beneficial rights and legal status of Muslim minorities
In the Qur'an, Allah says that everything in the universe has been created for the benefit of mankind so that man can worship Allah unitedly. That is why man has the country of some things in the world, so whatever he owns, he has full right to benefit from that thing. At the same time, he can also give the right to benefit from his belongings to someone else. The right to benefit from one's own thing or someone else's belongings is called "benefit" and the right to gain that benefit is called "right of benefit" in fiqh terminology. These rights are some individual and some social and collective. Intifada rights have great importance in the economy and trade. Collective rights refer to the rights that are equally enjoyed by all in a society and society, i.e. all people have the right to benefit from them without discrimination. Collective rights mean that each individual has the right to live a strong life in his or her social life, which is provided to him by providing him with basic necessities such as health, education, employment, and justice rights. The benefit shows here that these rights should be given to the individual to a very high extent so that he can live his life strongly. Through the meaning and practical provision of collective rights, every individual benefits from social and human rights and this leads to good balance and development in the social system. Many Muslims go to non-Muslim countries for different purposes, where they have rights under the law of that country. In today's time, as the world has become the existence of globalization, many modern types of these rights and rulings etc. are also coming up. In the paper under review, we will examine their rights from an Islamic perspective.
Rights, Islamic, Muslims, Minorities, Fiqh, Social, Humans, Citizenship,
Educational Environment and Training Factors for Children: An Analytical Study in the Light of Islamic Principles
Education remains a cornerstone of human development across eras, with the learning-teaching continuum spanning from birth to death. Formal education necessitates foundational elements—learner, teacher, learning, society, teaching, and curriculum—any absence of which renders the process incomplete. The core objective is to nurture children’s potentials, interests, and inclinations, transforming them into productive societal contributors, thereby sustaining social equilibrium through effective teacher-led training. This analytical study, rooted in Islamic principles, Quranic injunctions, and Prophetic traditions, examines critical factors for optimal child training in contemporary educational settings. It underscores ignorance as darkness and knowledge as light, advocating parental adornment of children with beneficial worldly and hereafter-oriented knowledge. Revelation’s initiation with “Iqra” (Read) highlights knowledge’s primacy, with all sciences tracing Quranic origins. Parents and educators must foster spiritual, intellectual, physical, individual, familial, social, and moral growth, aligning with the child’s innate fitrah (Islamic disposition). Educational goals encompass divine proximity, faith fortification, ideological resilience, skill enhancement, and character refinement. Responsibilities of parents (first educators) and institutions are delineated, alongside balanced religious (madaris) and secular curricula. Teachers’ pivotal role demands diligence, ethical modeling, and adaptive pedagogy, eschewing corporal punishment for compassionate guidance. Integration of modernity—technology, sciences—while preserving Islamic ethos is imperative. Etiquettes of knowledge-seeking emphasize intention, respect, patience, and dissemination. In Pakistan’s context, amid technological influx and cultural shifts, Islamic training ensures balanced personalities obedient to Allah, societally beneficial, and hereafter-successful, countering vices through enlightened upbringing.
Islamic Education, Child Training, Parental Role, Teacher Ethics, Religious-Secular Balance, Moral Development, Modern Integration
Naimat Ullah Khan (Corresponding Author)
A Critical Analysis of Electoral Strategy of JUI in Context of Religious Politics
In the field of politics, it is very important for the parties to awaken the political mindset in the community in order to accept their constitutional manifesto, because it is impossible to choose the right leadership unless there is awareness among the people about politics. Religious political parties, like other political parties, are at the forefront of raising awareness of political thought in the society by ensuring manpower through their manifestos. Religious parties have been successful in mobilizing any section of the population to vote. In religious political parties JUI is famous parties which was established in 1945. Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani is the founder of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. He has always struggled for the implementation of Islam since the establishment of Pakistan. JUI is distinguished from other religious parties in terms of success and activity and Jamiat members have been raising the issue of implementation of Islam in the parliament. In the constitutional and legal context, it is important for political parties to participate in elections according to the prevailing electoral political system in Pakistan and to try to shape the state according to their mission after gaining power in the country. Achieving government through unconstitutional measures always leads to failure. At the same time, its representation in the House through electoral politics and its role in resolving national issues is also important. In this article electoral politics of JUI was reviewed.
Religious politics, Islamization, Electoral politics, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
Economic Role of Ṣaḥābiyāt (Raḍī Allāhu ‘Anhunna) in the Prophetic Era and the Views of Orientalists and Muslim Thinkers: An Analytical Study
This research investigates the dynamic economic contributions of the Ṣaḥābiyāt (female companions of Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ) during the Prophetic era, showcasing their active involvement in trade, agriculture, tailoring, craftsmanship, medicine, nursing (riḍā‘ah), childcare (ḥāḍinah), and even military support services. Far from being confined to domestic spheres, these women managed properties, cultivated vegetables in Madīnah, tended livestock, and supported jihād through logistics and battlefield nursing, as exemplified by Umm ‘Ammārah’s valor at Uḥud. Drawing on authentic Ḥadīth collections and classical Sīrah literature, the study contrasts these indigenous sources with Orientalist critiques that often measure Muslim women’s agency against Western secular benchmarks, resulting in skewed portrayals of passivity. A comparative textual analysis exposes biases in Orientalist narratives while amplifying positive, evidence-based acknowledgments of women’s roles. The findings affirm that Islamic teachings predated modern feminism by granting women financial autonomy, inheritance rights, and professional legitimacy—evident in the Prophet’s selection of skilled wet-nurses like Umm Ayman (R) for his son Ibrāhīm. Muslim thinkers, conversely, celebrate this egalitarian framework as divinely ordained empowerment. The study concludes that revisiting primary Islamic sources counters reductionist Orientalism and restores the Ṣaḥābiyāt as architects of early Muslim economy and welfare. It urges contemporary scholarship to prioritize indigenous hermeneutics for authentic gender historiography in Islamic civilization.
Ṣaḥābiyyāt, Economic Empowerment, Orientalism, Social Welfare, Gender Equality۔
Water Scarcity, Pollution, and Wastage: Issues, Impacts, and an Analytical Study of Shariah and Contemporary Solutions in the ﷺ Light of Prophetic Teachings
Water is the precious blessing of Allah Almighty which exists everywhere in the world. For this reason, the availability of water everywhere is neglecting its usefulness and it is being wasted irrationally. Water is the priceless gift of God, without which life on the planet is impossible, and no matter how grateful we are for this blessing, it is impossible to deny the importance of clean water in our daily life, but we need not only clean water. are going towards deprivation day by day, but the water reserves are also decreasing rapidly, along with which water pollution has become a global problem. In view of the shortage of water, the country of Pakistan demands appropriate measures for the treatment of water, that this precious wealth (water) should be used carefully so that future generations do not face difficulties. Because this water is the smile for The value of life can be seen in those people in whose lives clean water remains a smiling dream. There are also areas in Pakistan that have to travel miles to drink clean water. The connection of people's smiles with water can only be explained by the welfare organizations who provided water resources there, how these tired water travelers got a smiling life. By reading this article about the problems faced by water and their solution in the teachings of the Prophet, peace be upon him, I was reminded of the drought-stricken areas of Pakistan, in which, in association with a welfare organization, we saw the flowers that tried to smile without water, but watered them. Because of absence those flowers are withered from the faces, the seeds of spring of hope are sown in the heart. From where their animals (dogs and donkeys) drink water, humans drink from there and half a day passes by reaching the water. One has to travel a long way, those who travel every day in the name of water, for a long time, those people die of hunger, thirst, lack of alms and famine.
Water, Scarcity, Pollution, Prophetic Teachings, Pakistan, Conservation
Acceptance of Islam and Religious Conversion: Reality, Types, Causes, Motivations, Objectives, and an Analytical Study in Islamic Perspective
Religious conversion, a multifaceted phenomenon, encompasses the transition from one faith to another or from irreligiosity to religiosity, often termed "reversion" in Islamic discourse due to the innate human disposition (fitrah) toward Islam. This study delineates the conceptual framework of conversion through scholarly definitions, highlighting shared elements of abandoning one belief system for another, influenced by psychological, social, cultural, and environmental factors. Lewis Rambo views it as a dynamic process amid evolving contexts; Christopher Lamb sees it as all forms of religious change; while Muslim scholar Maha Al-Quwaydi defines it as acquiring religious life from non-religiosity. Types include irtidad (apostasy from Islam), tawalli (covert affinity for another faith), and acceptance of Islam—the only divinely sanctioned shift. Motivations encompass cosmic signs (ayat kawniyyah), monotheism (tawhid), prophethood (risalah), the Prophet’s ﷺ integrity and personality, eschatological concerns, personal experiences, and material interests. Objectives range from intellectual pursuit and mystical experiences to emotional bonds, experimental validation, revivalist impulses, and coercive pressures—Islam endorses only voluntary, guidance-oriented motives. Historically, conversions occurred via natural affinity (fitrah) or political enablement through conquests, trade, and Sufi outreach, not force. In Pakistan’s context, amid rising interfaith interactions and digital influences, understanding these dynamics fosters tolerant dialogue and authentic da‘wah. The study concludes that Islam, as din al-fitrah, inherently attracts humanity, urging sincere reversion over superficial change, substantiated by Quranic verses, Hadiths, and historical precedents. (248 words)
Religious Conversion, Acceptance of Islam, Fitrah, Apostasy, Motivations, Objectives, Islamic Perspective.
Challenges Faced by Islamic Civilization in the Context of Globalization: An Analytical Study
Globalization has emerged as a defining feature of the contemporary world, influencing social, economic, and cultural spheres across nations. While it has facilitated rapid technological advancement, knowledge transfer, and economic integration, it simultaneously poses significant challenges to traditional and religious value systems, including Islamic civilization. This study analytically examines the multifaceted threats globalization presents to Islamic cultural, ethical, and educational values. It highlights issues such as cultural homogenization, the erosion of moral and religious practices, and the increasing influence of Western media and lifestyle patterns. At the same time, the study identifies areas of potential compatibility, where Islamic principles of justice, knowledge, and social welfare can harmonize with global developments. Through a comprehensive review of literature, Qur’anic guidance, and Prophetic traditions, this research underscores the need for strategic engagement with globalization—adopting beneficial aspects while safeguarding core Islamic values. The findings aim to provide policymakers, educators, and the Muslim community with insights to strengthen cultural resilience and promote an informed, value-based approach in the globalized era.
Challenges, Islamic Civilization, Globalization, Analytical Study, value-based approach.
A Critical Study of Dr. Obaidullah Fahd Falahi’s Views on Classical Islamic Political Thought
This study explores the evolution of classical Islamic political thought and critically examines Dr. Obaidullah Fahd Falahi’s interpretations and critiques of earlier Muslim political theorists, particularly Al-Mawardi. The research traces the intellectual trajectory of Islamic political philosophy from the Prophet’s era marked by principles of consultation, justice, and pluralism to the classical period, where juristic, theological, and philosophical traditions converged to form a coherent framework of governance. Dr. Falahi contends that despite the intellectual depth of the classical period, scholars such as Al-Mawardi, in Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, wrote under the influence of prevailing political authority and failed to construct a comprehensive and participatory political model. He emphasizes three main points: first, that Al-Mawardi’s work legitimized existing rulers; second, that the process of caliphal selection remained vague; and third, that excessive focus on the ruler’s personal virtues overshadowed the institutional and communal dimensions of Islamic governance particularly regarding the political participation of non-Muslim citizens (dhimmis). Through a reasoned, evidence-based historical analysis, this article challenges Falahi’s assertions and argues that Al-Mawardi’s writings must be read within their socio-political and historical context. His concern for ethical governance, justice, and administrative accountability represented an effort to safeguard Islamic political ideals amid dynastic transitions rather than to appease rulers. Moreover, the study suggests that many such critiques often echoed by some modern Muslim thinker’s stem from orientalist interpretations of Islamic history, adopted without sufficient critical evaluation. By recontextualizing Falahi’s critique within the broader discourse on Islamic political heritage, this paper demonstrates how classical scholarship continues to inform contemporary debates on leadership, legitimacy, and moral authority in Muslim political thought.
Al-Mawardi's Islamic Political Thought and Ethical Caliphal Governance.
Chinese Islam between Confucianism and Daoism: A Cultural Orientation Approach
This study investigates the interaction and intellectual engagement between Islam and the major indigenous traditions of China—Confucianism and Daoism—through a cultural orientation approach. Focusing on prominent Chinese Muslim thinkers of the Ming–Qing period, such as Wang Daiyū (1570–1660) and Liu Zhī (1664–1730), the research highlights how these scholars adopted Confucian concepts as the main framework for expressing Islamic theology and ethics. Their writings demonstrate a deep appreciation for the Confucian emphasis on moral cultivation, social harmony, and humaneness, while showing comparatively limited engagement with Daoist metaphysical ideas and mystical cosmology. Utilizing Thomas Kasulis’ theory of cultural orientations of intimacy and integrity, the paper argues that Islam, Confucianism, and Daoism share certain affinities with the intimacy orientation, characterized by relational harmony and spiritual interconnectedness. However, Chinese Islam and Confucianism exhibit a stronger tendency toward integrity orientation, emphasizing structured knowledge, disciplined moral conduct, and the rational organization of faith. This theoretical framework helps explain why Chinese Muslim scholars found Confucianism a more compatible medium for Islamic expression than Daoism, despite Daoism’s prominence in Chinese cultural imagination. The study concludes that the Confucian-Islamic synthesis represented not a compromise of Islamic principles but a culturally contextualized articulation that maintained the theological essence of Islam while integrating it within the Chinese intellectual landscape.
Chinese Islam, Confucianism, Daoism, Cultural Orientation Theory, Wang Daiyū, Liu Zhī, Ming–Qing Thought
The Scientific Nature and Shariah Status of Cultured Meat: An Analytical Study
This study explores the scientific foundation and Shariah status of cultured (artificial) meat, a modern biotechnological innovation developed through animal cell cultivation without conventional slaughter. As a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock production, cultured meat promises to address global challenges such as food insecurity, environmental degradation, and ethical concerns over animal welfare. However, its emergence raises complex jurisprudential questions in Islamic law regarding purity (Ṭahārah), ritual slaughter (Tazkiyah), and transformation (Istihālah). This paper critically analyzes these principles in relation to the sources and processes used in cultured meat production. Findings indicate that the permissibility of cultured meat under Shariah is conditional: it is Halal only if the initial stem cells are derived from a Halal-slaughtered animal and cultivated in a pure, permissible growth medium free from impure or forbidden substances like serum or blood derivatives. Conversely, if the stem cells originate from a living animal or a Haram source, or if impure substances are used in the culture medium, the product remains impermissible. The research synthesizes opinions from contemporary jurists and bioethicists, revealing a growing trend toward conditional permissibility and emphasizing the necessity of establishing a transparent Halal certification framework for lab-grown meat. This interdisciplinary analysis contributes to the ongoing dialogue between Islamic jurisprudence, food technology, and ethical consumerism in the modern world.
Luqman Abu Tayyab (Corresponding Author)
Nasir Khusraw and the Philosophy of Divine Justice: An Intellectual Discourse on Ismaili Hermeneutics in the Qur’anic Perspective
This study explores the philosophical and theological thought of Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088 CE), a prominent Ismaili scholar, poet, and philosopher, focusing on his conception of Divine Justice (ʿAdl-i Ilāhī) within the framework of Ismaili hermeneutics (ta’wīl). Nasir Khusraw’s interpretation of divine justice transcends mere juridical or moral considerations and integrates metaphysical, cosmological, and epistemological dimensions grounded in the Qur’anic worldview. Through his works such as Gushayish wa Rahayish and Wajh-i Dīn, he articulates a rational synthesis between revelation and intellect, asserting that divine justice manifests through the harmony of creation, the order of intellect, and the guidance of the Imamate. In contrast to literalist readings of the Qur’an, Nasir Khusraw’s esoteric hermeneutics reveal the inner meanings (bāṭin) of divine attributes and human accountability, establishing a balance between divine transcendence and immanence. The research examines how his Ismaili philosophical framework addresses critical questions of human free will, moral responsibility, and theodicy in comparison with broader Islamic theological perspectives, including Mu‘tazilite and Ash‘arite thought. By situating Nasir Khusraw’s theory of divine justice within the Qur’anic context, this paper demonstrates his contribution to Islamic intellectual history as an advocate of rational spirituality and ethical universalism. The study concludes that his integration of reason and revelation provides a profound model for understanding the relationship between divine justice, human intellect, and the spiritual evolution of humankind.
Nasir Khusraw; Divine Justice; Ismaili Philosophy; Qur’anic Hermeneutics; Ta’wīl; Islamic Theology; Theodicy; Free Will; Rational Spirituality; ʿAdl-i Ilāhī; Esoteric Interpretation; Imamate; Islamic Philosophy
Dr. Hafiz Mansoor Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
An Analysis of the Narrations of Ibn Kathir and Ibn Jarir Regarding the Incident of al-Gharaniq
The incident of Gharānīq—often cited in relation to the Prophet Muhammad’s recitation of verses allegedly praising pagan deities—has long been a subject of controversy and scholarly debate. This study critically examines the narratives reported by Ibn Jarir al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir, two of the most prominent early Islamic historians and exegetes. Through comparative textual analysis, the research explores the authenticity, chains of transmission, and contextual interpretation of the event within classical Islamic historiography. The article highlights methodological differences between the two scholars, the theological implications of their respective positions, and the influence of this episode on later Orientalist discourse. The study concludes that both Ibn Jarir and Ibn Kathir approached the narrative with critical awareness, though Ibn Kathir exhibited a more stringent stance toward rejecting weak or fabricated reports, thereby emphasizing the preservation of prophetic infallibility (‘ismah).
Gharaniq Incident, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Islamic Historiography, Hadith Criticism, Tafsir, Prophetic Infallibility, Orientalism
The Lexical Methodology of Maulana Afzal Khan Shahpuri (RA) in the Tafsir Nathr al-Marjan min Mushkilat al-Qur’an: A Research Analysis
This research study critically analyzes the lexical methodology adopted by Maulana Afzal Khan Shahpuri (RA) in his distinguished Qur’anic exegesis Nathr al-Marjan min Mushkilat al-Qur’an. The work focuses on Maulana Shahpuri’s unique approach in explaining the difficult and complex words of the Holy Qur’an through a deep engagement with Arabic linguistics, grammar, and classical philology. The study examines how he employed lexical analysis, syntactic precision, and etymological reasoning to clarify Qur’anic expressions, drawing evidence from classical Arabic dictionaries, earlier tafasir, and Prophetic traditions. By exploring his treatment of lexical ambiguities, morphological discussions, and grammatical challenges, the paper highlights Shahpuri’s scholarly effort to connect traditional Arabic scholarship with contemporary Qur’anic understanding. His tafsir demonstrates a systematic balance between transmitted knowledge and rational investigation, reflecting his intellectual depth and linguistic mastery. The findings reveal that Nathr al-Marjan not only provides solutions to difficult Qur’anic expressions but also represents an important contribution to modern Qur’anic linguistics in the South Asian scholarly tradition. It serves as a model for integrating classical linguistic precision with modern exegetical discourse, making Maulana Shahpuri’s methodology a valuable paradigm for future Qur’anic research.
Lexical Methodology, Qur’anic Exegesis, Maulana Afzal Khan Shahpuri, Nathr al-Marjan, Arabic Linguistics, Qur’anic Semantics, Tafsir Studies
Women’s Customary Practice (Urf al-Nisā) in Islamic Jurisprudence: A Fiqhī Analysis
This article investigates the concept of Urf al-Nisā (women’s customary practices) and its recognized role within Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). As a comprehensive legal system, Islamic law incorporates human customs (urf) as a secondary source of law, provided they align with explicit textual evidence. Urf al-Nisā specifically addresses customs arising from women’s social, physiological, and behavioral conditions, influencing rulings on issues unique to them. The study defines urf linguistically and jurisprudentially, affirming its legitimacy (ḥujjiyyah) as an auxiliary source according to most jurists. It explores Urf al-Nisā through selected juristic examples, including determining the age of menstruation (ḥayḍ) and menopause (ya’s), establishing pregnancy duration, assessing mahr al-mithl (equitable bridal dowry), and estimating permissible periods of a husband’s absence based on women’s endurance. By analyzing these applications, the research highlights the adaptability of Islamic law to human needs and its consideration of women’s distinct circumstances. The study underscores the balance between textual fidelity and contextual flexibility in fiqh, offering insights into how Urf al-Nisā enhances the relevance of Islamic rulings for women, contributing to a deeper understanding of fiqh’s dynamic engagement with societal norms.
Urf al-Nisā, Islamic jurisprudence, women’s customs, fiqh, authenticity, legal reasoning.
1.Kashif Mehmood Qureshi (Corresponding Author)
The Rare (or Uncommon) Vocabulary of Jāmiʿ al-Tirmidhī in Its Commentaries Authored in the Indian Subcontinent: A Comparative Study between Al-Kawkab al-Durrī and Al-ʿArf al-Shadhī
The Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ was eloquent in speech and purely Arab by upbringing, as were his Companions and their successors. Their expressions were clear within their linguistic environment, requiring no explanation. However, with the expansion of Islam and the interaction between Arabs and non-Arabs, linguistic errors (laḥn) spread, and understanding of Classical Arabic declined. This created a need to clarify obscure vocabulary in the Prophetic traditions (aḥādīth). The discipline of Gharīb al-Ḥadīth—the study of rare words in ḥadīth—thus emerged early in Islamic scholarship. Foundational contributions came from al-Naḍr ibn Shumayl, Abū ʿUbaydah, and al-Aṣmaʿī, while Abū ʿUbayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām (d. 224 AH) produced the first comprehensive compilation after forty years of study. Later scholars, including Ibn Qutaybah, al-Khaṭṭābī, and al-Harawī, expanded and refined this field, seeking to address remaining gaps. In the Indian Subcontinent, scholars displayed exceptional commitment to preserving the Prophetic Sunnah, producing extensive Arabic commentaries on the canonical ḥadīth collections. Writing for largely non-Arabic audiences, they devoted special attention to explaining rare and obscure words, employing linguistic, exegetical, and vernacular approaches. These efforts ensured accurate understanding of the Sunnah and made its meanings accessible to students of knowledge in non-Arabic cultural settings.
Jāmiʿ al-Tirmidhī, Al-Kawkab al-Durrī, Al-ʿArf al-Shadhī, gharīb al-hadīth, rare/uncommon words, Commentaries, subcontinent