Atheism and Islamic Thought: A Critical Study of Historical Evolution, Theoretical Dimensions, and Contemporary Causes and Impacts

الحاد اور اسلامی فکر: تاریخی ارتقاء، نظریاتی جہات اور عصر حاضر کے اسباب و اثرات کا تنقیدی جائزہ

Abstract

Atheism, as a philosophical and ideological phenomenon, has appeared in diverse forms throughout human history. From an Islamic perspective, atheism is not merely a denial of God’s existence but a deviation that impacts faith, morality, and social harmony. The Qur’an frequently refers to atheism using terms such as “deviation” and “crookedness,” emphasizing its destructive consequences for both individuals and societies. Prophetic traditions (Ahadith) also warn against the dangers of disbelief and ideologies resembling atheism. This study critically examines atheism from an Islamic standpoint by analyzing its definitions, synonymous terms, and its conceptual framework in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Furthermore, the research explores various categories of atheism, including classical atheism, modern atheism, and postmodern atheism, highlighting their theoretical and ideological foundations. Historically, atheism occasionally surfaced in Islamic societies but remained marginal. However, the colonial era, coupled with the advancement of modern science, secularism, and materialism, gave significant momentum to atheistic trends. In contemporary times, factors such as scientific materialism, secular ideologies, ethical relativism, and the pervasive influence of social media have contributed to the rapid spread of atheism. The paper argues that atheism poses both intellectual and practical challenges to Islamic thought and Muslim societies. Therefore, a critical study of atheism is indispensable to develop an informed and effective response rooted in Islamic teachings. By addressing both its historical trajectory and modern manifestations, this study aims to provide scholars and policymakers with insights into countering atheism’s influence and strengthening Islamic intellectual discourse.