The Conditions of Zakat Obligation: In the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah

وجوبِ زکوٰۃ کی شرائط: قرآن و سنت کے آئینے میں

Abstract

This research delves into the Qur’anic and Prophetic foundations of Zakat, emphasizing its role as a complete system of financial worship and spiritual purification in Islam. Zakat is not only an economic obligation but also a pillar that ensures social justice, wealth circulation, and moral upliftment. The study systematically examines the key conditions for Zakat's obligation, including complete ownership (Milk-e-Tam), where the owner has full control without restrictions; possession of the nisab (minimum threshold) as defined in Sunnah for gold, silver, livestock, and trade goods; the passage of one lunar year (ḥawl) to allow wealth growth; and the requirement that wealth be productive (māl nāmī), excluding non-growing assets like personal use items. Drawing from classical juristic interpretations and scriptural evidence, the paper addresses practical issues such as debts offsetting nisab, unlawful wealth's exemption, necessities (ḥawā’ij aṣliyya) not liable for Zakat, and specific rules for agricultural produce, minerals, and livestock. It highlights how these conditions balance individual capacity with communal welfare, preventing hardship while promoting equity. By analyzing verses like Sūrah al-Tawbah 9:60 and hadiths on nisab, the research clarifies misconceptions and demonstrates Zakat's adaptability to modern economies. Ultimately, Zakat emerges as a divine mechanism for poverty alleviation, ethical wealth distribution, and societal harmony, reinforcing Islam's vision of justice and compassion.