Comparative study of Freedom of Expression: b/w Islam & the West

دراسة مقارنة لحرية التعبير بين الإسلام والغرب

Abstract

This paper examines freedom of expression as a core human right, rooted in the negative concept of freedom—absence of arbitrary compulsion or control—encompassing freedoms of thought, speech, press, assembly, worship, movement, property use, and occupation. It distinguishes "freedom" and "liberty": freedom, derived from Old English roots implying connection and belonging (akin to "friend"), is more concrete and relational; liberty, from Latin "libertatem" via Old French, connotes separation, independence, and release from bondage, often tied to state-individual relations. Scholars like David Hackett Fischer note their original opposition—liberty as separation, freedom as connection—though they are frequently used interchangeably. Definitions from Michel Verpeaux emphasize expression without arbitrary interference, while Jack Donnelly frames it as an obligation to truth. In contrast, Islamic interpretations, drawing from the Quran and Hadith, view rights as divinely granted, not human-made. Quranic examples include angels' objection during Adam's creation (Al-Baqarah 2:30-33), tolerated without penalty; verification of news from unreliable sources (Al-Hujurat 49:6); and no compulsion in religion (Al-Baqarah 2:256). Islamic freedom promotes enjoining good, sincere advice, and consultation but restricts falsehood, defamation, sedition, and harm to honor or societal peace. Mystical views, such as Ibn Arabi's "perfect slavery" to God, see true freedom in submission with accountability for choices. The paper contrasts unrestricted Western models with Islam's balanced approach, integrating individual autonomy, moral responsibility, and communal welfare under divine guidance, offering a nuanced framework that safeguards truth, dignity, and harmony.