Lack of Tolerance in Differences of Opinion and Its Solution: A Historical Analysis in the Light of Islamic Principles

اختلافِ رائے میں رَواداری کا فُقدان اور اس کا حل:اِسلامی اُصولوں کی روشنی میں ایک تاریخی جائزہ

Abstract

The article ‘The Absence of Tolerance in Differences of Opinion and Its Solution (A Historical Review in Light of Islamic Principles)’ examines the erosion of tolerance in differences of opinion within Islamic scholarly traditions, offering solutions rooted in Islamic principles. It highlights that tolerance is a cardinal Islamic virtue, supported by the Qur’anic injunctions and the conduct of the Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him). Early Muslim scholars, such as Imam Abū Ḥanīfa and Imam Shāfi‘ī, navigated jurisprudential differences with civility, respect, and unity, praying behind one another despite theological variations. These historic precedents underscore the importance of intellectual humility and harmony in managing differences. However, contemporary times witness a decline in this ethos, attributed to ignorance of Islamic teachings, excessive focus on peripheral issues, and the rise of extremism. The article critiques modern tendencies toward dogmatism and sectarianism, warning against conflating legitimate intellectual inquiry with divisive polemics. To address these challenges, the paper advocates adherence to Islamic guidelines for handling differences, such as engaging in respectful dialogue, prioritizing core beliefs over minor disputes, and avoiding unnecessary questioning of ambiguous texts. The solution lies in reviving the Islamic tradition of constructive disagreement, focusing on shared fundamentals rather than divisive minutiae. By following the Qur’an and Sunna, respecting scholarly consensus, and emulating the exemplary behaviour of early Muslims, the Muslim Umma can overcome divisions and foster unity. The research emphasizes the dangers of allowing differences of opinion to devolve into enmity or discord, urging Muslims to prioritize collective welfare over individual egos. This historic review serves as a poignant reminder of the need to return to Islamic principles to promote tolerance and coexistence in diverse societies. Synthesizing historical insights with scriptural guidance, the article provides a compelling blueprint for cultivating intellectual humility, fostering mutual respect, and restoring harmony within the global Muslim community.